textual error

m text

* * *

testo s.m.

1 text: il testo originale, the original text; testo di una lettera, text of a letter; errore di testo, textual error; libro di testo, textbook; testo sacro, sacred text; testi classici, the classics; traduzione col testo a fronte, parallel text; attenersi al testo, to stick to the text // (tip.) carattere di testo, body type // (dir.): testo unico, consolidated act; testo della legge, letter of the law // (fil.) critica del testo, textual criticism // (comm.) testo pubblicitario, copy (o ad copy) // ( assicurazioni) testo di una polizza, text of an insurance policy // la sua opinione non fa testo in questo campo, his opinion doesn't count in this field

2 (inform.) text.

* * *

sostantivo maschile

1) (insieme di parole scritte) text; (di canzone) lyrics pl., words pl.

2) (opera) work; (volume) text, book

3) amm. dir. pol. wording, text

4) inform. text

•

••

* * *

testo

/'tεsto/

sostantivo m.

 1 (insieme di parole scritte) text; (di canzone) lyrics pl., words pl.; "testo integrale" "unabridged text"; analisi del testo textual analysis; edizione con testo a fronte parallel text edition

 2 (opera) work; (volume) text, book; - i scolastici schoolbooks; libro di testo textbook, course book

 3 amm. dir. pol. wording, text; il testo di un contratto the wording of a contract

 4 inform. text

IDIOMS

fare testo to be authoritative, to have influence; le tue parole non fanno testo your words are not authoritative

\

COMPOUNDS

testo di legge law; adottare un testo di legge to pass a law; - i sacri relig. sacred books; bibl. (Holy) Scriptures.

1) Advertising: textual error

2) Patents: typo

εἰ (Hom.+)

① marker of a condition, existing in fact or hypothetical, if (B-D-F §371f, neg. §428, 1; 2; Rob., indexes; JBoyer, Grace Theological Journal 2, ’81, 75–141, marker of a ‘simple, logical connection between protasis and apodosis’).

ⓐ w. the indic.

α. in all tenses, to express a condition thought of as real or to denote assumptions relating to what has already happened εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ if you really are the Son of God Mt 4:3; sim. 5:29f; 6:23; 8:31; Ac 5:39. εἰ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ἐπονομάζῃ if you call yourself a Judean Ro 2:17. εἰ κατακαυχᾶσαι, οὐ σὺ βαστάζεις if you do boast, (remember) you do not support 11:18 al. In Paul the verb is freq. missing, and is to be supplied fr. the context: εἰ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν (sc. ἐστιν), τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρόν (sc. ἐστιν) 8:10. εἰ τέκνα (sc. ἐστέ) if you are children, then … vs. 17, εἰ χάριτι (γέγονεν), οὐκέτι ἐξ ἔργων 11:6 al. The negative in clauses where the reality of the condition is taken for granted is οὐ (earlier Gk. μή [for exception s. Goodwin p. 138f]; s. B-D-F §428, 1): εἰ οὐ δύναται τοῦτο παρελθεῖν Mt 26:42. εἰ δὲ ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀφίετε Mk 11:25 [26] v.l. εἰ πιστοὶ οὐκ ἐγένεσθε Lk 16:11f; εἰ οὐκ ἀκούουσιν vs. 31. εἰ οὐ φοβοῦμαι Lk 18:4; cp. J 5:47; 10:37; Ro 8:9; 11:21; 1 Cor 7:9; 9:2; 11:6; 15:13ff, 29, 32; 16:22 al. εἰ is rarely found w. the future εἰ πάντες σκανδαλισθήσονται Mt 26:33; Mk 14:29; εἰ ἀρνησόμεθα 2 Ti 2:12 (cp. Just., A I, 31, 6 εἰ μὴ ἀρνοῖντο Ἰησοῦν); εἰ ὑπομενεῖτε 1 Pt 2:20; εἰ καὶ οὐ δώσει (class. ἐὰν καὶ μὴ δῷ B-D-F §372, 3; Rob. 1012) Lk 11:8. W. aor., when events are regarded as having taken place Mt 24:22; Mk 3:26; 13:20.

β. w. the pres., impf., aor., or plpf. indic. to express an unreal (contrary to fact) condition (B-D-F §360; 372; Rob. 1012ff). ἄν is usu. found in the apodosis (regularly in class.) εἰ ἐν Τύρῳ καὶ Σίδωνι ἐγένοντο αἱ δυνάμεις, πάλαι ἂν μετενόησαν if the wonders had been done in T. and S., they would have repented long ago Mt 11:21. εἰ ἤμεθα ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν if we had lived in the days of our fathers 23:30. εἰ ᾔδει ὁ οἰκοδεσπότης if the master of the house had known 24:43 (cp. Just., A I, 12, 2 εἰ … ταῦτα ἐγίνωσκον; 18, 1 al.) εἰ ἦν προφήτης, ἐγίνωσκεν ἄν if he were a prophet, he would know Lk 7:39 al. The pres. indic. εἰ ἔχετε (v.l. εἴχετε) πίστιν … ἐλέγετε ἄν if you had faith … you would say Lk 17:6. Somet. ἄν is lacking in the apodosis (Polyaenus 2, 3, 5 εἰ ἐπεποιήκειμεν … νῦν ἐχρῆν=if we had done … it would have been necessary; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 16, 18 [II B.C.]; PRein I, 7 [II B.C.]; POxy 526, 10; 530, 8 and 17; Just., A I, 10, 6; 11:2 al.—PMelcher, De sermone Epict., diss. Halle 1905, 75; Mlt. 200f) εἰ μὴ ἦν οὗτος παρὰ θεοῦ, οὐκ ἠδύνατο if this man were not from God, he would not have been able to … J 9:33. εἰ μὴ ἦλθον, ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ εἴχοσαν if I had not come, they would not have sin 15:22; cp. vs. 24. W. the apodosis placed first Mk 9:42 (v.l. περιέκειτο), Lk 17:2; J 19:11.

ⓑ εἰ w. subj., as καὶ εἴ τις θελήσῃ Rv 11:5 (s. 7 below), is unusual, perh. a textual error; B-D-F §372, 3 conjectures κἄν for καὶ εἰ. But εἰ w. subj. is found in the older poets and Hdt. (Kühner-G. II 474), in Aristoph., Equ. 698 et al., in var. dialects (EHermann, Griech. Forschungen I 1912, 277f) and in later times (e.g. Epict., Vett. Val., Lucian [ed. CJacobitz, Index graec. 473a]; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. p. 84, 28; 197, 9; ins [Rdm.² 199]; PRyl 234, 12; POxy 496, 11; Dt 8:5); B-D-F §372, 3; Mlt. 187; Reinhold 107; OSchulthess, AKaegi Festschr. 1919, 161f.

ⓒ εἰ w. the optative is rare: εἰ καὶ πάσχοιτε … μακάριοι even if you should suffer, … you would be blessed 1 Pt 3:14. εἰ θέλοι (v.l. θέλει) τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ if it should be God’s will vs. 17. εἴ τι ἔχοιεν (sc. κατηγορεῖν; cp. Just., A I, 3, 1 εἰ … μηδὲν ἔχοι τις ἐλέγχειν) πρὸς ἐμέ if they should have any charges to bring against me Ac 24:19. εἰ δυνατὸν εἴη (Jos., Ant. 12, 12) if it should be possible 20:16 (but s. B-D-F §385, 2; Just., A II, 15, 2 εἰ δύναιντο). εἰ τύχοι is used as a formula (oft. in later wr., incl. Philo; s. KReik, D. Opt. bei Polyb. u. Philo 1907, 154; Just., A I, 27, 3) it may be, for example, perhaps 1 Cor 15:37; used to tone down an assertion which may be too bold 14:10 (Lucian, Icar. 6 καὶ πολλάκις, εἰ τύχοι, μηδὲ ὁπόσοι στάδιοι Μεγαρόθεν Ἀθήναζέ εἰσιν, ἀκριβῶς ἐπιστάμενοι ‘and many times, so it appears, not even knowing how many stades it is from Megara to Athens’).

② marker of an indirect question as content, that (Kühner-G. II 369, 8; Rob. 965. Cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 67 §283 ἀγανακτέω εἰ=be exasperated that; Sir 23:14 θελήσεις εἰ μὴ ἐγεννήθης; 2 Macc 14:28; 4 Macc 2:1; 4:7. S. on θαυμάζω 1aγ) ἐθαύμασεν εἰ ἤδη τέθνηκεν he was surprised that he was already dead Mk 15:44a. μὴ θαυμάζετε εἰ μισεῖ ὑμᾶς ὁ κόσμος do not wonder that the world hates you 1J 3:13; θαυμαζόντων …, εἰ τοσαύτη σπουδὴ ἦν τοῦ συλληφθῆναι that there was such interest in arresting MPol 7:2; AcPlCor 2:2 (cp. Just., A II, 8, 3 οὐδὲν … θαυμαστόν, εἰ). Sim. also (Procop. Soph., Ep. 123 χάριν ἔχειν εἰ=that) μαρτυρόμενος … εἰ παθητὸς ὁ Χριστός testifying … that the Christ was to suffer (s. πάσχω 3aα) Ac 26:23.—οὐ μέγα εἰ it is not surprising that 2 Cor 11:15 (cp. Aeschin., In Ctes. 94 ἐστὶ δεινὸν εἰ; Diod S 23, 15, 5, παράδοξον … εἰ=incredible … that; ibid. θαυμαστὸν εἰ; Gen 45:28 μέγα μοί ἐστιν εἰ).— That is also poss. after verbs of knowing or not knowing, e.g. J 9:25; Ac 19:2b; 1 Cor 1:16; 7:16; so CBurchard, ZNW 52, ’61, 73–82 but s. 5bα.

③ marker in causal clauses, when an actual case is taken as a supposition, where we also can use if instead of since: εἰ τὸν χόρτον … ὁ θεὸς οὕτως ἀμφιέννυσιν if God so clothes the grass Mt 6:30; Lk 12:28; cp. Mt 7:11; Lk 11:13; J 7:23; 10:35; 13:14, 17, 32; Ac 4:9; 11:17; Ro 6:8; 15:27; Col 2:20; Hb 7:15; 1 Pt 1:17; 1J 4:11.

④ marker of strong or solemn assertion, without apodosis (=in aposiopesis; B-D-F §482; Rob. 1203) εἰ ἔγνως if you only knew Lk 19:42. εἰ βούλει παρενέγκαι if you would only let (this) pass 22:42 v.l. (cp. the letter fr. IV B.C. in Dssm., LO 120, note 5 [LAE 149]).—Hebraistic in oaths, like אִם: may this or that happen to me, if … (cp. 2 Km 3:25; GBuchanan, HTR 58, ’65, 319–24); this amounts to a strong negation certainly not (cp. Ps 7:4f; Gen 14:23) ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν εἰ δοθήσεται truly, I tell you, it will not be given Mk 8:12 (NColeman, JTS 28, 1927, 159–67 interprets this as strongly positive; against him FBurkitt, ibid. 274–76). εἰ εἰσελεύσονται they shall certainly not enter Hb 3:11; 4:3, 5 (all 3 Ps 94:11); B-D-F §372, 4; 454, 5; Mlt-H. 468f; Rob. 94; 1024.

⑤ marker of direct and indirect questions (without particle following)

ⓐ (not in earlier Gk., B-D-F §440, 3; Rob. 916) w. direct questions (Gen 17:17; 44:19; Am 3:3–6; 6:12; TestAbr A 15 p.96, 8 [Stone p. 40]; 18 p. 100, 13 [St. p. 48]): εἰ ἔξεστιν; is it permitted, may one? Mt 12:10; 19:3 (cp. Mk 10:2); Lk 14:3 v.l.; Ac 21:37; 22:25. εἰ ὀλίγοι οἱ σωζόμενοι; are there only a few who will be saved? Lk 13:23; cp. Mk 8:23; Lk 22:49; Ac 1:6; 7:1; 19:2a. Cp. 6aβ.

ⓑ freq. in indir. questions whether (Hom. et al.)

α. w. pres. indic. (Gen 27:21; 42:16; TestJob 31:1; Jos., Ant. 10, 259; 16, 225; Ar 8, 1; Just., A I, 2, 2; A II, 2, 10) εἴπῃς εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστός whether you are the Christ Mt 26:63. εἰ ἁμαρτωλός ἐστιν whether he is a sinner J 9:25; εἰ πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἔστιν whether there is a holy spirit Ac 19:2b (s. 2 above). ἴδωμεν εἰ ἔρχεται Mt 27:49; Mk 15:36 (Lucian, Dial. Mort. 20, 3 φέρʼ ἴδω εἰ=let me see whether, Merc. Cond. 6); cp. Mk 10:2; Lk 14:31; 1 Cor 3:12; 2 Cor 13:5; 1J 4:1.—W. the fut. indic. (4 Km 1:2; Job 5:1) εἰ θεραπεύσει αὐτόν whether he would heal him Mk 3:2 (v.l. θεραπεύει); Lk 6:7 v.l.; εἰ σώσεις whether you will save 1 Cor 7:16.—W. the aor. indic. (Esth 4:14; w. plpf. Just., D. 56, 2) εἰ πάλαι ἀπέθανεν whether he had already died Mk 15:44b; εἰ ἐβάπτισα 1 Cor 1:16.

β. w. subj. διώκω εἰ καταλάβω I press on (to see) whether I can capture Phil 3:12 (B-D-F §368; 375; Rob. 1017).

γ. w. opt. (X., An. 1, 8, 15; 2, 1, 15; 4 Macc 9:27; 11:13) ἀνακρίνοντες … εἰ ἔχοι ταῦτα examining … to see whether this was really so Ac 17:11. εἰ βούλοιτο πορεύεσθαι 25:20; cp. 17:27.

⑥ In combination w. other particles, w. the other particles foll.

ⓐ εἰ ἄρα

α. expressing possibility if, indeed; if, in fact; whether (perhaps) (X., An. 3, 2, 22; SIG 834, 12; Gen 18:3; s. B-D-F §454, 2) 1 Cor 15:15 (εἴπερ ἄρα); Hv 3, 4, 3; 3, 7, 5; Hs 6, 4, 1; 8, 3, 3; 9, 5, 7; AcPt Ox 849, 6.

β. introducing a direct question εἰ ἄρα ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει; is it (really) so? Ac 7:1 v.l.; indirect qu. on the chance that (PPetr II, 13 [19] 9 ‘should you find it impossible’; Num 22:11) Mk 11:13; Ac 5:8 D; 8:22; in the hope that 17:27 (εἰ ἄρα γε); AcPt Ox 849, 2; 22. Cp. εἰ δέ … ; What if …? Ac 23:9.

ⓑ εἴ γε if indeed, inasmuch as (Kühner-G. II 177c) Eph 3:2; 4:21; Col 1:23. τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ; εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ have you experienced so many things in vain? If it really was in vain Gal 3:4. εἴ γε καὶ ἐκδυσάμενοι οὐ γυμνοὶ εὑρεθησόμεθα assuming, of course, that having put it off we shall not be found naked 2 Cor 5:3. [εἴ γ]ε οὕτως ὡς [ἔστιν καὶ παρελάβετε τὸν λόγον] AcPl BMM recto, 31f (restoration based on duplicate Ox 1602 verso, 37f and AcPl Ha 8, 24f, which has a slightly difft. text after εἴ γε [s. also the text of Ghent 62, 17 in HSanders, HTR 31, ’38, 79, n. 2]). S. γέ bα.

ⓒ εἰ δὲ καί (Just., D. 110, 1) but if, and if Lk 11:18; 1 Cor 4:7; and even if 2 Cor 4:3 (but s. Lietzmann, Hdb.); 11:6. If, on the other hand, … then AcPlCor 2:28 (εἰ … δέ … καί … μή).

ⓓ εἰ δὲ μή (γε) if not, otherwise

α. after affirmat. clauses, w. the aor. ind, and ἄν in the apodosis J 14:2; or pres. ind. (Demosth., Prooem. 29, 3) and fut. (Gen 30:1; Bel 29 Theod.; PLond 1912, 98) Rv 2:5, 16; or pres. impv. J 14:11.—εἰ δὲ μή γε (μήγε some edd.) otherwise (Pla. et al.; Epict. 3, 22, 27; Jos., Bell. 6, 120, Ant. 17, 113; Just., D. 105, 6; IGR IV, 833; POxy 1159, 6; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 167, 25; PGM 4, 2629; Da 3:15; Bel 8; TestSol 13:3 P): εἰ δὲ μή γε (sc. προσέχετε), μισθὸν οὐκ ἔχετε otherwise you have no reward Mt 6:1; cp. Lk 10:6. Elliptically: κἂν μὲν ποιήσῃ καρπὸν εἰς τὸ μέλλον• εἰ δὲ μή γε, ἐκκόψεις αὐτήν who knows, it may bear fruit next year; if not, fine, then cut it down (= have it cut down) 13:9.

β. after negat. clauses, otherwise (X., An. 7, 1, 8; Diod S 3, 47, 4; Dio Chrys. 10 [11], 100; LBW 1651 μὴ ἀδικεῖν…, εἰ δὲ μή; UPZ 196 I, 33 [119 B.C.]; Job 32:22) Mk 2:21f.—After a negative statement: οὐδὲ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς. εἰ δὲ μή γε, ῥήγνυνται people do not pour new wine into old skins; otherwise they burst Mt 9:17; cp. Lk 5:36. μή τίς με δόξῃ ἄφρονα εἶναι• εἰ δὲ μή γε, κἂν ὡς ἄφρονα δέχασθέ με no one is to consider me foolish; otherwise at least accept me as a fool 2 Cor 11:16.

ⓔ εἰ καί even if, even though, although Lk 11:8; 18:4; 1 Cor 7:21; 2 Cor 4:16; 7:8; 12:11; Phil 2:17; Col 2:5; Hb 6:9; AcPlCor 2:32.

ⓕ εἰ μὲν γάρ for if Ac 25:11 v.l. (for εἰ μὲν οὖν); 2 Cor 11:4; Hb 8:4 v.l. (for εἰ μὲν οὖν).

ⓖ εἰ μὲν οὖν if, then Hb 7:11. W. εἰ δέ foll. (X., Cyr. 8, 7, 22; Ael. Aristid. 28, 156 K.=49 p. 542 D.) Ac 19:38.

ⓗ εἰ μέντοι if, on the other hand Js 2:8.

ⓘ εἰ μή (=πλήν) but 1 Cor 7:17 (= in general) (B-D-F §376).—After negatives

α. except, if not, mostly without a verb depending on εἰ μή (X., An. 2, 1, 12; JosAs 12:11; Just., A I, 29, 1) Mt 11:27; 12:24; 16:4; J 3:13; Ro 7:7; Gal 1:19 (HKoch, Z. Jakobusfrage Gal 1:19: ZNW 33, ’34, 204–9); but also with a verb (Jos., Ant. 8, 316) Mt 5:13; Mk 6:5; Ac 21:25 v.l.

β. but (OGI 201, 20f οὐκ ἀφῶ αὐτοὺς καθεσθῆναι εἰς τὴν σκιάν, εἰ μὴ ὑπὸ ἡλίου ἔξω; in note 33 the ed. gives exx. fr. Aristoph. for this use) without a verb Mt 12:4; w. a verb (Theod. Prodr. 7, 426 H.) Gal 1:7, s. ἄλλος 2b. For ἐκτὸς εἰ μή s. ἐκτός 3a.

ⓙ εἰ μήτι unless indeed, unless perhaps (Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 198 D.; Jos., Ant. 4, 280; Tat. 10, 2) Lk 9:13; 2 Cor 13:5; w. ἄν (Ps.-Clem., Hom. 16, 4) 1 Cor 7:5 (s. Dssm., NB 32, 1 [BS 204 n.]; B-D-F §376; Mlt. 169; 239; Reinhold 35; JTrunk, De Basilio Magno sermonis Attic. imitatore 1911, 56; JWackernagel, Antike Anredeformen 1912, 27f).

ⓚ εἰ οὖν if, therefore Mt 6:23; Lk 11:36; 12:26; J 13:14; 18:8; Col 3:1; Phlm 17.

ⓛ εἴπερ if indeed, if after all, since (X., An. 1, 7, 9; Menand., Epitr. 907 S. [587 Kö.]; PHal 7, 6; UPZ 59, 29 [168 B.C.]; Jdth 6:9; TestJob 3:6; Just., Tat., Ath.) Ro 3:30 (ἐπείπερ v.l.); 8:9, 17; 2 Th 1:6.—if indeed, provided that εἴπερ ἄρα (ἄρα 1a) 1 Cor 15:15. καὶ γὰρ εἴπερ for even if (cp. Od. 1, 167; B-D-F §454, 2) 1 Cor 8:5; on 2 Cor 5:3 s. εἴ γε καί 6b above. Doubtful IEph 6:2; s. ἤ 2aβ.

ⓜ if perchance, if haply εἰ δέ που … τις ἔλθοι if perchance … anyone came Papias (2:4).

ⓝ εἴ πως (the spelling εἴπως is also correct; B-D-F §12) if perhaps, if somehow

α. w. opt. (X., An. 2, 5, 2; 4, 1, 21; POxy 939, 15) εἴ πως δύναιντο παραχειμάσαι in the hope that they could spend the winter Ac 27:12.

β. w. fut. indic. (3 Km 21:31; 4 Km 19:4; Jer 28:8; TestJos 6:6) εἴ πως εὐοδωθήσομαι whether, perhaps, I shall succeed Ro 1:10; cp. 11:14; Phil 3:11.

ⓞ εἴτε … εἴτε (Soph. et al.; ins since 416 B.C. [Meisterhans³-Schw.]; pap [Mayser II/3, 159]; LXX; JosAs 5:9; ApcrEzk [Epiph 70, 11]; Jos., Ant. 16, 33 and 37; Just., Ath. B-D-F §446; 454, 3; Rob. ind.) if … (or) if, whether … or

α. w. a verb in pres. indic. (Herm. Wr. 12, 22 thrice) 1 Cor 12:26; 2 Cor 1:6; or pres. subj. 1 Th 5:10.

β. w. no verb (Just., D. 86, 3 al.) Ro 12:6–8; 1 Cor 3:22; 8:5; 2 Cor 5:10 al. εἴτε only once 1 Cor 14:27. εἴτε ἄρσενα εἴτε θήλειαν (ἤτε … ἤτε pap) GJs 4:1.

⑦ Used w. the indef. pron.: εἴ τις, εἴ τι everyone who or whoever; everything that or whatever Mt 16:24; 18:28; Mk 4:23; 9:35; Lk 9:23; 14:26; 1 Ti 3:1, 5; 5:4, 8, 16 al. Cp. 1 Cor 12:31 v.l. (ADebrunner, ConNeot XI, ’47, 37). W. subj. εἴ τις θελήσῃ Rv 11:5 s. 1b, above.—DELG. M-M.

εἰ μήν, more correctly εἶ μήν (B-D-F §24; Rob. 1150) for the older ἦ μήν (Hom. et al. [s. Denniston 350f], but found also Jos., Ant. 13, 76; 17, 42), in Hellenistic-Roman times (SIG 993, 20 [III B.C.]; 736, 27 [92 B.C.]; IG IV, 840, 15 [EHermann, Gr. Forschungen I 1912, 312]; pap since 112 B.C. [Mayser 78]; LXX e.g. Ezk 33:27; 34:8 al.; Num 14:28; Jdth 1:12; Bar 2:29 [Thackeray 83]) formula used in oaths surely, certainly Hb 6:14 (Gen 22:17).—Dssm., NB 33ff (BS 205ff).—M-M.

νόμος, ου, ὁ (νέμω; [Zenodotus reads ν. in Od. 1, 3] Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.—On the history of the word MPohlenz, Nomos: Philol 97, ’48, 135–42; GShipp, Nomos ‘Law’ ’78; MOstwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of Athenian Democracy ’69). The primary mng. relates to that which is conceived as standard or generally recognized rules of civilized conduct esp. as sanctioned by tradition (Pind., Fgm. 152, 1=169 Schr. νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς; cp. SEG XVII, 755, 16: Domitian is concerned about oppressive practices hardening into ‘custom’; MGigante, ΝΟΜΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [Richerche filologiche 1] ’56). The synonym ἔθος (cp. συνήθεια) denotes that which is habitual or customary, especially in reference to personal behavior. In addition to rules that take hold through tradition, the state or other legislating body may enact ordinances that are recognized by all concerned and in turn become legal tradition. A special semantic problem for modern readers encountering the term ν. is the general tendency to confine the usage of the term ‘law’ to codified statutes. Such limitation has led to much fruitless debate in the history of NT interpretation.—HRemus, Sciences Religieuses/Studies in Religion 13, ’84, 5–18; ASegal, Torah and Nomos in Recent Scholarly Discussion, ibid., 19–27.

① a procedure or practice that has taken hold, a custom, rule, principle, norm (Alcman [VII B.C.], Fgm. 93 D² of the tune that the bird sings; Ocellus [II B.C.] c. 49 Harder [1926] τῆς φύσεως νόμος; Appian, Basil. 1 §2 πολέμου ν., Bell. Civ. 5, 44 §186 ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ σοῦ νόμου=under this rule of yours that governs action; Polyaenus 5, 5, 3 ν. πόμπης; 7, 11, 6 ν. φιλίας; Sextus 123 τοῦ βίου νόμος; Just., A II, 2, 4 παρὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως ν.; Ath. 3, 1 νόμῳ φύσεως; 13, 1 θυσιῶν νόμῳ)

ⓐ gener. κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης in accordance w. the rule of an external commandment Hb 7:16. εὑρίσκω τὸν νόμον I observe an established procedure or principle or system Ro 7:21 (ν. as ‘principle’, i.e. an unwritten rightness of things Soph., Ant. 908). According to Bauer, Paul uses the expression νόμος (which dominates this context) in cases in which he prob. would have preferred another word. But it is also prob. that Paul purposely engages in wordplay to heighten the predicament of those who do not rely on the gospel of liberation from legal constraint: the Apostle speaks of a principle that obligates one to observe a code of conduct that any sensible pers. would recognize as sound and valid ὁ νόμος τ. νοός μου vs. 23b (s. νοῦς 1a). Engaged in a bitter struggle w. this νόμος there is a ἕτερος νόμος which, in contrast to the νοῦς, dwells ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου in my (physical) members vs. 23a, and hence is a νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας vs. 23c and 25b or a νόμος τ. ἁμαρτίας καὶ τ. θανάτου 8:2b. This sense prepares the way for the specific perspective

ⓑ of life under the lordship of Jesus Christ as a ‘new law’ or ‘system’ of conduct that constitutes an unwritten tradition ὁ καινὸς ν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 2:6; in brief ν. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IMg 2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4; 43, 1; Mel., P. 7, 46). Beginnings of this terminology as early as Paul: ὁ ν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ =the standard set by Christ Gal 6:2 (as vs. 3 intimates, Christ permitted himself to be reduced to nothing, thereby setting the standard for not thinking oneself to be someth.). The gospel is a νόμος πίστεως a law or system requiring faith Ro 3:27b (FGerhard, TZ 10, ’54, 401–17) or ὁ ν. τοῦ πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰ. the law of the spirit (=the spirit-code) of life in Chr. J. 8:2a. In the same sense Js speaks of a ν. βασιλικός (s. βασιλικός) 2:8 or ν. ἐλευθερίας vs. 12 (λόγος ἐλ. P⁷⁴), ν. τέλειος ὁ τῆς ἐλευθερίας 1:25 (association w. 1QS 10:6, 8, 11 made by EStauffer, TLZ 77, ’52, 527–32, is rejected by SNötscher, Biblica 34, ’53, 193f. On the theme of spontaneous moral achievement cp. Pind., Fgm. 152 [169 Schr.] 1f νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεὺς | θνατῶν τε καὶ ἀθανάτων | ἄγει δικαιῶν τὸ βιαιότατον| ὑπερτάτᾳ χειρί=custom is lord of all, of mortals and immortals both, and with strong hand directs the utmost power of the just. Plut., Mor. 780c interprets Pindar’s use of νόμος: ‘not written externally in books or on some wooden tablets, but as lively reason functioning within him’ ἔμψυχος ὢν ἐν αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Aristot., EN 4, 8, 10 οἷον ν. ὢν ἑαυτῷ; Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος; cp. also Ovid, Met. 1, 90 sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat; Mayor, comm. ‘Notes’ 73.—RHirzel, ΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ 1903.). Some would put ὁ νόμος Js 2:9 here (s. LAllevi, Scuola Cattol. 67, ’39, 529–42), but s. 2b below.—Hermas too, who in part interprets Israel’s legal tradition as referring to Christians, sees the gospel, exhibited in Christ’s life and words, as the ultimate expression of God’s will or ‘law’. He says of Christ δοὺς αὐτοῖς (i.e. the believers) τὸν ν., ὅν ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Hs 5, 6, 3, cp. Hs 8, 3, 3. Or he sees in the υἱὸς θεοῦ κηρυχθεὶς εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς, i.e. the preaching about the Son of God to the ends of the earth, the νόμος θεοῦ ὁ δοθεὶς εἰς ὅλον. τ. κόσμον 8, 3, 2. Similarly to be understood are τηρεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 3, 4. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. παθεῖν 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. θλίβεσθαι 8, 3, 7. ἀρνησάμενοι τὸν νόμον ibid. βλασφημεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 6, 2.

② constitutional or statutory legal system, law

ⓐ gener.: by what kind of law? Ro 3:27. ν. τῆς πόλεως the law of the city enforced by the ruler of the city (ν. ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι γραπτός Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 2); the penalty for breaking it is banishment Hs 1:5f. τοῖς ν. χρῆσθαι observe the laws 1:3; πείθεσθαι τοῖς ὡρισμένοις ν. obey the established laws Dg 5:10; νικᾶν τοὺς ν. ibid. (νικάω 3). Ro 7:1f, as well as the gnomic saying Ro 4:15b and 5:13b, have been thought by some (e.g. BWeiss, Jülicher) to refer to Roman law, but more likely the Mosaic law is meant (s. 3 below).

ⓑ specifically: of the law that Moses received from God and is the standard according to which membership in the people of Israel is determined (Diod S 1, 94, 1; 2: the lawgiver Mneves receives the law from Hermes, Minos from Zeus, Lycurgus from Apollo, Zarathustra from the ἀγαθὸς δαίμων, Zalmoxis from Hestia; παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, Μωϋσῆς receives the law from the Ἰαὼ ἐπικαλούμενος θεός) ὁ ν. Μωϋσέως Lk 2:22; J 7:23; Ac 15:5. ν. Μωϋσέως Ac 13:38; Hb 10:28. Also ὁ ν. κυρίου Lk 2:23f, 39; GJs 14:1. ὁ ν. τοῦ θεοῦ (Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 4]) Mt 15:6 v.l.; Ro 8:7 (cp. Tat. 7, 2; 32, 1; Ath. 3:2). ὁ ν. ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν etc. J 18:31; 19:7b v.l.; Ac 25:8. κατὰ τὸν ἡμέτερον ν. 24:6 v.l. (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 131). ὁ πατρῷος ν. 22:3. τὸν ν. τῶν ἐντολῶν Eph 2:15. Since the context of Ac 23:29 ἐγκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν points to the intimate connection between belief, cult, and communal solidarity in Judean tradition, the term νόμος is best rendered with an hendiadys: (charged in matters) relating to their belief and custom; cp. ν. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς 18:15. Ro 9:31 (CRhyne, Νόμος Δικαιοσύνης and the meaning of Ro 10:4: CBQ 47, ’85, 486–99).—Abs., without further qualification ὁ ν. Mt 22:36; 23:23; Lk 2:27; J 1:17; Ac 6:13; 7:53; 21:20, 28; Ro 2:15 (τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου the work of the law [=the moral product that the Mosaic code requires] is written in the heart; difft. Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος, s. 1b, above), 18, 20, 23b, 26; 4:15a, 16; 7:1b, 4–7, 12, 14, 16; 8:3f; 1 Cor 15:56; Gal 3:12f, 17, 19, 21a, 24; 5:3, 14; 1 Ti 1:8 (GRudberg, ConNeot 7, ’42, 15); Hb 7:19 (s. Windisch, Hdb. exc. ad loc.), 28a; 10:1; cp. Js 2:9 (s. 1b above); μετὰ τὸν ν. Hb 7:28b; οἱ ἐν τῷ ν. Ro 3:19; κατὰ τὸν ν. according to the (Mosaic) law (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51 al.; Just., D. 10, 1) J 19:7b; Ac 22:12; 23:3; Hb 7:5; 9:22. παρὰ τ. νόμον contrary to the law (Jos., Ant. 17, 151, C. Ap. 2, 219; Ath. 1, 3 παρὰ πάντα ν.) Ac 18:13.—νόμος without the art. in the same sense (on the attempt, beginning w. Origen, In Ep. ad Ro 3:7 ed. Lomm. VI 201, to establish a difference in mng. betw. Paul’s use of ὁ νόμος and νόμος s. B-D-F §258, 2; Rob. 796; Mlt-Turner 177; Grafe [s. 3b below] 7–11) Ro 2:13ab, 17, 23a, * 25a; 3:31ab; 5:13, 20; 7:1a (s. above); Gal 2:19b; 5:23 (JRobb, ET 56, ’45, 279f compares κατὰ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ ἔστι νόμος Aristot., Pol. 1284a). δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται, ἀνόμοις δὲ … 1 Ti 1:9. Cp. ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος Ro 2:14 (in Pla., Pol. and in Stoic thought the wise person needed no commandment [Stoic. III 519], the bad one did; MPohlenz, Stoa ’48/49 I 133; II 75). Used w. prepositions: ἐκ ν. Ro 4:14; Gal 3:18, 21c (v.l. ἐν ν.); Phil 3:9 (ἐκ νόμου can also mean corresponding to or in conformity with the law: PRev 15, 11 ἐκ τῶν νόμων); cp. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου Ro 10:5. διὰ νόμου Ro 2:12b; 3:20b; 4:13; 7:7b; Gal 2:19a, 21; ἐν ν. (ἐν τῷ ν. Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 49, 9]) Ro 2:12a, 23; Gal 3:11, 21c v.l.; 5:4; Phil 3:6. κατὰ νόμον 3:5; Hb 8:4; 10:8 (make an offering κατὰ νόμον as Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4; 5, 8, 2); χωρὶς ν. Ro 3:21a; 7:8f; ἄχρι ν. 5:13a. ὑπὸ νόμον 6:14f; 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 3:23; 4:4f, 21a; 5:18 (cp. Just., D. 45, 3 οἱ ὑπὸ τὸν ν.).—Dependent on an anarthrous noun παραβάτης νόμου a law-breaker Ro 2:25b ( 27b w. art.); Js 2:11. ποιητὴς ν. one who keeps the law 4:11d (w. art. Ro 2:13b). τέλος ν. the end of the law Ro 10:4 (RBultmann and HSchlier, Christus des Ges. Ende ’40). πλήρωμα ν. fulfilment of the law 13:10. ν. μετάθεσις a change in the law Hb 7:12. ἔργα ν. Ro 3:20a, 28; 9:32 v.l.; Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10a.—(ὁ) ν. (τοῦ) θεοῦ Ro 7:22, 25a; 8:7 because it was given by God and accords w. his will. Lasting Mt 5:18; Lk 16:17 (cp. Bar 4:1; PsSol 10:4; Philo, Mos. 2, 14; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277).—Used w. verbs, w. or without the art.: ν. ἔχειν J 19:7a; Ro 2:14 (ApcSed 14:5). πληροῦν ν. fulfill the law Ro 13:8; pass. Gal 5:14 (Mel., P. 42, 291). πληροῦν τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ ν. fulfill the requirement of the law Ro 8:4. φυλάσσειν τὸν ν. observe the law Ac 21:24; Gal 6:13. τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ ν. φυλάσσειν observe the precepts of the law Ro 2:26; διώκειν ν. δικαιοσύνης 9:31a; πράσσειν ν. 2:25a. ποιεῖν τὸν ν. J 7:19b; Gal 5:3; Ro 2:14b, s. below; τὸν ν. τηρεῖν Js 2:10. τὸν ν. τελεῖν Ro 2:27. φθάνειν εἰς ν. 9:31b. κατὰ ν. Ἰουδαϊσμὸν ζῆν IMg 8:1 v.l. is prob. a textual error (Pearson, Lghtf., Funk, Bihlmeyer, Hilgenfeld; Zahn, Ign. v. Ant. 1873 p. 354, 1 [difft. in Zahn’s edition] all omit νόμον as a gloss and are supported by the Latin versions; s. Hdb. ad loc.). τὰ τοῦ ν. ποιεῖν carry out the requirements of the law Ro 2:14b (ApcSed 14:5; FFlückiger, TZ 8, ’52, 17–42). καταλαλεῖν νόμου, κρίνειν ν. Js 4:11abc. ἐδόθη ν. Gal 3:21a.—Pl. διδοὺς νόμους μου εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν Hb 8:10; cp. 10:16 (both Jer 38:33).—Of an individual stipulation of the law ὁ νόμος τοῦ ἀνδρός the law insofar as it concerns the husband (Aristot., Fgm. 184 R. νόμοι ἀνδρὸς καὶ γαμετῆς.—SIG 1198, 14 κατὰ τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐρανιστῶν; Num 9:12 ὁ ν. τοῦ πάσχα; Philo, Sobr. 49 ὁ ν. τῆς λέπρας) Ro 7:2b; cp. 7:3 and δέδεται νόμῳ vs. 2a (on the imagery Straub 94f); 1 Cor 7:39 v.l.—The law is personified, as it were (Demosth. 43, 59; Aeschin. 1, 18; Herm. Wr. 12, 4 [the law of punishment]; IMagnMai 92a, 11 ὁ ν. συντάσσει; b, 16 ὁ ν. ἀγορεύει; Jos., Ant. 3, 274) J 7:51; Ro 3:19.

③ a collection of holy writings precious to God’s people, sacred ordinance

ⓐ in the strict sense the law=the Pentateuch, the work of Moses the lawgiver (Diod S 40, 3, 6 προσγέγραπται τοῖς νόμοις ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ὅτι Μωσῆς ἀκούσας τοῦ θεοῦ τάδε λέγει τ. Ἰουδαίοις=at the end of the laws this is appended: this is what Moses heard from God and is telling to the Jews. ὁ διὰ τοῦ ν. μεταξὺ καθαρῶν καὶ ἀκαθάρτων διαστείλας θεός Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 3]; cp. Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1) τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου Gal 3:10b (cp. Dt 27:26). Also simply ὁ νόμος (Jos., Bell. 7, 162 ὁ ν. or 2, 229 ὁ ἱερὸς ν. of the holy book in a concrete sense) Mt 12:5 (Num 28:9f is meant); J 8:5; 1 Cor 9:8 (cp. Dt 25:4); 14:34 (cp. Gen 3:16); Gal 4:21b (the story of Abraham); Hb 9:19. ὁ ν. ὁ ὑμέτερος J 8:17 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Tat. 40, 1 κατὰ τοὺς ἡμετέρους ν.). ἐν Μωϋσέως νόμῳ γέγραπται 1 Cor 9:9. καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου Lk 2:23 (γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ as Athen. 6, 27, 23c; IMagnMai 52, 35 [III B.C.]; Mel., P. 11, 71; cp. Just., D. 8, 4 τὰ ἐν τῷ ν. γεγραμμένα); cp. vs. 24. ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ J 1:45 (cp. Cercidas [III B.C.], Fgm. 1, 18f Diehl² [=Coll. Alex. p. 204, 29=Knox p. 196] καὶ τοῦθʼ Ὅμηρος εἶπεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι).—The Sacred Scriptures (OT) referred to as a whole in the phrase ὁ ν. καὶ οἱ προφῆται (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 6, 4; cp. Hippol., Ref. 8, 19, 1) the law (הַתּוֹרָה) and the prophets (הַנְּבִיאִים) Mt 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Lk 16:16; Ac 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Ro 3:21b; cp. Dg 11:6; J 1:45. τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ ν. Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῖς προφήταις καὶ ψαλμοῖς Lk 24:44.

ⓑ In a wider sense=Holy Scripture gener., on the principle that the most authoritative part gives its name to the whole (ὁ ν. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 15]): J 10:34 (Ps 81:6); 12:34 (Ps 109:4; Is 9:6; Da 7:14); 15:25 (Ps 34:19; 68:5); 1 Cor 14:21 (Is 28:11f); Ro 3:19 (preceded by a cluster of quotations fr. Psalms and prophets).—Mt 5:18; Lk 10:26; 16:17; J 7:49.—JHänel, Der Schriftbegriff Jesu 1919; OMichel, Pls u. s. Bibel 1929; SWesterholm, Studies in Religion 15, ’86, 327–36.—JMeinhold, Jesus u. das AT 1896; MKähler, Jesus u. das AT² 1896; AKlöpper, Z. Stellung Jesu gegenüber d. Mos. Gesetz, Mt 5:17–48: ZWT 39, 1896, 1–23; EKlostermann, Jesu Stellung z. AT 1904; AvHarnack, Hat Jesus das atl. Gesetz abgeschafft?: Aus Wissenschaft u. Leben II 1911, 225–36, SBBerlAk 1912, 184–207; KBenz, D. Stellung Jesu zum atl. Gesetz 1914; MGoguel, RHPR 7, 1927, 160ff; BBacon, Jesus and the Law: JBL 47, 1928, 203–31; BBranscomb, Jes. and the Law of Moses 1930; WKümmel, Jes. u. d. jüd. Traditionsged.: ZNW 33, ’34, 105–30; JHempel, D. synopt. Jesus u. d. AT: ZAW 56, ’38, 1–34.—Lk-Ac: JJervell, HTR 64, ’71, 21–36.—EGrafe, D. paulin. Lehre vom Gesetz² 1893; HCremer, D. paulin. Rechtfertigungslehre 1896, 84ff; 363ff; FSieffert, D. Entwicklungslinie d. paul. Gesetzeslehre: BWeiss Festschr. 1897, 332–57; WSlaten, The Qualitative Use of νόμος in the Pauline Ep.: AJT 23, 1919, 213ff; HMosbech, Pls’ Laere om Loven: TT 4/3, 1922, 108–37; 177–221; EBurton, ICC, Gal 1921, 443–60; PFeine, Theol. des NT⁶ ’34, 208–15 (lit.); PBenoit, La Loi et la Croix d’après S. Paul (Ro 7:7–8:4): RB 47, ’38, 481–509; CMaurer, D. Gesetzeslehre des Pls ’41; PBläser, D. Gesetz b. Pls ’41; BReicke, JBL 70, ’51, 259–76; GBornkamm, Das Ende d. Gesetzes ’63; HRaisänen, Paul and the Law² ’87; PRichardson/SWesterholm, et al., Law in Religious Communities in the Rom. Period, ’91 (Torah and Nomos); MNobile, La Torà al tempo di Paolo, alcune ri-flessioni: Atti del IV simposio di Tarso su S. Paolo Apostolo, ed. LPadovese ’96, 93–106 (lit. 93f, n. 1).—Dodd 25–41.—B. 1358; 1419; 1421. DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. Schmidt, Syn. I 333–47. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

τέ (Hom.+) enclitic particle (in the NT never elided to τʼ. In Mt three times, in Luke’s gosp. nine times, in John’s gosp. three times [‘always textually contestable’ B-D-F §443, 1], in Paul [quite predom. in Ro] more than twenty times, scarcely less oft. in Hb, in 1 Cl forty-three times, in Dg seven times, in Js twice, once each in Jd, Rv, 2 Cl, B. It is not found at all in Mk, Gal, Col, 1 and 2 Th, 1 and 2 Ti, Tit, 1, 2 and 3 J, 1 and 2 Pt, GJs. By far most freq. [about 150 times] in Ac (cp. the frequent usage in Polyb.). The ms. tradition oft. confuses τέ and δέ.—B-D-F §443f; Rdm.² p. 5f, 37; Rob. index. p. 1285; Mlt.-Turner 338.

① marker of close relationship between sequential states or events, and likewise, and so, so (B-D-F §443, 3; TestJob 24:1; 53:5; Just., A II, 4, 2) ἑτέροις τε λόγοις πλείοσιν διεμαρτύρατο and likewise … Ac 2:40 (here D has the poorer rdg. δέ). κατενύγησαν τὴν καρδίαν, εἶπόν τε …, and so they said vs. 37.—J 4:42; 6:18; Ac 4:33; 5:19, 35; 6:7, 12f al.; Ro 2:19; Hb 12:2; Jd 6.—The use of τέ to introduce a parenthesis is scarcely admissible; δέ is to be preferred: Ac 1:15; 4:13 (s. B-D-F §443, 1; 447, 7).

② marker of connection between coordinate nonsequential items

ⓐ used alone, and: τέ thus connects single concepts, parts of clauses, or words (Just., A II, 11, 4; s. Kühner-G. II 241; Schwyzer II 574–76; Denniston 497–503) ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος 1 Cor 4:21. θεοῦ ῥῆμα δυνάμεις τε μέλλοντος αἰῶνος Hb 6:5. Cp. 9:1. ἔκλασεν ἄρτον ὕδωρ τε προσήνεγκεν AcPl Ha 4, 4; relative clause ἅ τε Ἀριστίων … λέγουσιν Papias (2:4). Participles: συναχθέντες συμβούλιόν τε λαβόντες Mt 28:12; φοβούμενος τὸν θεὸν μαρτυρούμενός τε Ac 10:22; cp. Mt 27:48; Ac 2:33; 20:11; 28:23a; Hb 1:3; 6:4. Infinitives: ἁρπάσαι αὐτὸν ἐκ μέσου αὐτῶν ἄγειν τε Ac 23:10; cp. 11:26; 24:23; 27:21b; Eph 3:19.

ⓑ τὲ … τέ, used as connecter of sentences and parts of sentences that are closely related to each other as … so, not only … but also (Kühner-G. II 243; Schwyzer II 573f; Denniston 503–5; Jos., Ant. 1, 92) μάρτυρα ὧν τε εἶδές με ὧν τε ὀφθήσομαί σοι Ac 26:16 (on the constr. s. ὁράω A1b). ἐάν τε γὰρ ζῶμεν, τῷ κυρίῳ ζῶμεν, ἐάν τε ἀποθνῄσκωμεν, τῷ κυρίῳ ἀποθνῄσκομεν for just as when we live, we live to the Lord, so also when we die, we die to the Lord Ro 14:8a. ἐάν τε οὖν ζῶμεν ἐάν τε ἀποθνῄσκωμεν, τοῦ κυρίου ἐσμέν so, not only if we live, but also if we die (i.e. whether we live or die) we belong to the Lord vs. 8b. Cp. Ac 2:46; 17:4; 26:10. τε γάρ ‘for the fact is that’ is one way of rendering this combination (X., Mem. 1, 1, 3; Just., D. 3, 5; Ath. 2, 4) Ro 1:26; 7:7; Hb 2:11.

ⓒ w. the same mng. τὲ … καί (Jos., Bell. 2, 142, Ant. 1, 9) and τὲ καί

α. connecting concepts, usu. of the same kind or corresponding as opposites. In these uses τὲ καί can oft. be translated simply and: δῶρά τε καὶ θυσίας Hb 5:1. δεήσεις τε καὶ ἱκετηρίας vs. 7. ὀνειδισμοῖς τε καὶ θλίψεσιν 10:33. φόβητρά τε καὶ σημεῖα Lk 21:11b. Cp. 22:66; Ac 4:27; 26:3. ποιεῖν τε καὶ διδάσκειν Ac 1:1. ἀσφαλῆ τε καὶ βεβαίαν Hb 6:19. πάντῃ τε καὶ πανταχοῦ Ac 24:3. ὑμῶν τε καὶ ἐμοῦ Ro 1:12; cp. 1 Cor 1:2 v.l. παρά τε σοῦ κἀκείνων AcPlCor 1:5. πονηρούς τε καὶ ἀγαθούς Mt 22:10. ἄνδρες τε καὶ γυναῖκες Ac 8:12; 9:2; 22:4. Ἰουδαίοις τε καὶ Ἕλλησιν 1 Cor 1:24. μικρῷ τε καὶ μεγάλῳ Ac 26:22a. When used w. a noun that has the art. τέ comes after the latter: ὅ τε στρατηγὸς … καὶ οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς Ac 5:24; cp. Lk 23:12; J 2:15; Ac 8:38; 17:10; 27:1; Hb 2:11. ἰχῶράς τε καὶ σκώληκας Papias (3:2). ψαλμῶν τε … καὶ ᾠδῶν AcPl Ha 7, 11.—τέ can be followed by more than one καί (Ar. 3, 1 ἡλίου τε καὶ σελήνης καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν στοιχείων; 4:1 ἀφθαρτός τε καὶ ἀναλλοίωτος καὶ ἀόρατος; Just., D. 126, 5; Libanius, Or. 2 p. 256, 6 F.) τήν τε Μαριὰμ καὶ τὸν Ἰωσὴφ καὶ τὸ βρέφος Lk 2:16. ἐσθίειν τε καὶ πίνειν καὶ μεθύσκεσθαι 12:45. Cp. Ac 1:8, 13; Hb 2:4; 9:2.—In 1 Cor 1:30 τὲ καί connects the second and third members of a series, and another καί joins the fourth one. Sim. Hb 11:32. τὲ καί doubled: Ἕλλησίν τε καὶ βαρβάροις, σοφοῖς τε καὶ ἀνοήτοις Ro 1:14. θηρίων τε καὶ πετεινῶν ἑρπετῶν τε καὶ ἐναλίων Js 3:7.—τὲ καὶ … τέ: ἐνώπιον ἐθνῶν τε καὶ βασιλέων υἱῶν τε Ἰσραήλ Ac 9:15. Cp. 26:10f. The τὲ καὶ … τὲ … καί of vs. 20 seems to be due to a textual error.

β. infrequently connecting whole sentences (Mayser II/3, 160; 163f; 165) ἠνεῴχθησάν τε αἱ θύραι, καὶ πάντων τὰ δεσμὰ ἀνέθη Ac 16:26 v.l. καὶ …, καὶ … τὲ …, καί 2:2–4 v.l. τὲ …, καὶ …, καί 21:30.—On εἴτε s. εἰ 6o. On μήτε s. that entry.

③ marker w. ascensive stress and serving without copulative force, even ἐάν τε γὰρ περισσότερόν τι καυχήσωμαι for suppose I (even) do boast a little too much (Goodsp.) 2 Cor 10:8; cp. Ro 7:7 (on Hellen. developments s. Rdm.² 5f; B-D-F §443, 3: w. suggestion of probable suppression of a second τε).—CRuigh, Antour de τέ epique, études sur la syntax grecque, Amsterdam ’70.—DELG. M-M. EDNT.

host.

1 foundations (parte inferior) (de edificio).

base de maquillaje foundation (cream)

2 basis (fundamento, origen).

el petróleo es la base de su economía their economy is based on oil

ese argumento se cae por su base that argument is built on sand

partimos de la base de que… we assume that…

sentar las bases para to lay the foundations of

base imponible (finance) taxable income

3 base.

base aérea air base

base espacial space station

base de lanzamiento launch site

base naval naval base

base de operaciones operational base

4 base (chemistry).

5 base (math & geometry).

6 base.

7 makeup.

8 radix, base of a system of numbers or logarithms.

1^st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: basar.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) base

■ la base de la torre the base of the tower

2 figurado basis

■ las cereales son la base de nuestra agricultura cereals form the basis of our agriculture

■ si partimos de la base de que... if we start from the premise that...

3 QUÍMICA base, alkali

4 MATEMÁTICAS base

5 (en béisbol) base

► nombre femenino plural bases

1 (de concurso) rules

2 las bases (de partido etc) grass roots, rank and file

\

a base de (por) through, by means of, using 2 (de) consisting of

■ se hizo rico a base de trabajar mucho he became rich through hard work

■ una dieta a base de hortalizas y pescado a diet consisting of vegetables and fish

a base de bien familiar really well

en base a based on, on the basis of

base aérea air base

base de datos database

base de datos documental documentary database

base de datos relacional relational database

base de lanzamiento launch site

base de operaciones operational headquarters

base imponible taxable income

base naval naval base

* * *

1) base

2) basis

•

- base de datos

* * *

1. SF

1) (=parte inferior) base

2) (=fondo) [de pintura] background; [de maquillaje] foundation

3) (=fundamento) basis

- coger a algn fuera de base

4) (=componente principal)

5) (=conocimientos básicos) grounding

6) (Mil) base

7) pl bases

a) (=condiciones) [de concurso] conditions, rules; [de convocatoria] requirements

b) (Pol)

8) (Inform)

9) (Mat) [en una potencia] base

10) (Quím) base

11) (Téc) base, mounting

12) (Agrimensura) base, base line

13) (Ling) (tb: base derivativa) base form

14) (Béisbol) base

15) ** (=droga) base

SMF (Baloncesto) guard

3. ADJ INV

1) (=de partida) [campamento, campo] base antes de s ; [puerto] home antes de s

2) (=básico) [idea] basic; [documento, texto] provisional, draft

* * *

1)

a) ( parte inferior) base

b) tb

2)

a) ( fundamento)

b) ( componente principal)

c) ( conocimientos básicos)

- base de datos

- base imponible

3) (en locs)

4) ( centro de operaciones) base

- base de lanzamiento

5)

6) (Mat, Quím) base

7) bases femenino plural ( de concurso) rules (pl)

8)

a) ( en béisbol) base

b) base masculino y femenino ( en baloncesto) guard

adjetivo invariable

a) (básico, elemental) basic; <documento/texto> draft (before n)

b) < campamento> base (before n)

* * *

= base, base, base plate, basis [bases, -pl.], basis [bases, -pl.], bedrock, core, cornerstone [corner-stone], foundation, grounding, underpinning, cradle, warp and woof.

Ex. The reader should now have a reasonably firm base from which to begin a more detailed reading of the specification of elements.

Ex. The base of a notation is the set of symbols used in a specific notation.

Ex. The two windows in the base plate of the scanner help move the read head accurately across the bar codes.

Ex. These factors form the basis of the problems in identifying a satisfactory subject approach, and start to explain the vast array of different tolls used in the subject approach to knowledge.

Ex. These factors form the basis of the problems in identifying a satisfactory subject approach, and start to explain the vast array of different tolls used in the subject approach to knowledge.

Ex. We are the bedrock of our profession and the standards that we attain fundamentally affect the status of the profession.

Ex. The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.

Ex. Abstracts are the cornerstone of secondary publications.

Ex. In the same way that citation orders may have more or less theoretical foundations, equally reference generation may follow a predetermined pattern.

Ex. The experience gained with these special schemes provided a grounding for work on the development of a new general scheme.

Ex. The criteria must be subject to continuing review and annual updating if they are to remain valid as the underpinning for a professional activity.

Ex. 'I have to leave fairly soon,' he said as he returned the receiver to its cradle, 'so let's get down to business'.

Ex. Training in self-help is part of the warp and woof of any tenable theory of reference work.

----

* a base de = in the form of, on a diet of.

* a base de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].

* a base de cometer errores = the hard way.

* a base de errores = the hard way.

* afianzar las bases = strengthen + foundations.

* aplicar una capa base = prime.

* aprender Algo a base de cometer errores = learn + Nombre + the hard way.

* banda de base = baseband.

* basado en un gestor de bases de datos = DBMS-based.

* base cognitiva = knowledge base [knowledge-base].

* base de datos = data bank [databank], database [data base], database software.

* base de datos automatizada = computer database, computer-held database, computerised database, machine-readable database.

* base de datos bibliográfica = bibliographic database.

* base de datos bibliográfica de resúmenes = abstracts based bibliographic database.

* base de datos catalográfica = catalogue database, cataloguing database.

* base de datos comercial = commercial database.

* base de datos completa = full-provision database.

* base de datos con información confidencial = intelligence database.

* base de datos cruzada = cross database.

* base de datos de acceso mediante suscripción = subscription database.

* base de datos de autoridades = authority database.

* base de datos de carburantes = TULSA.

* base de datos de documentos primarios = source database.

* base de datos de documentos secundarios = reference database.

* base de datos de dominio público = public domain database.

* base de datos de educación = ERIC.

* base de datos de imágenes = image database, image bank.

* base de datos de investigación = research database.

* base de datos del gobierno de USA = CRECORD, FEDREG.

* base de datos de lógica difusa = fuzzy database.

* base de datos de medicina = MEDLINE.

* base de datos de negocios = business database.

* base de datos de pago = subscription database.

* base de datos de patentes = WPI.

* base de datos de propiedades = properties database.

* base de datos de referencia = reference database.

* base de datos de referencia a especialistas = referral database.

* base de datos de registros de catálogo = catalogue record database.

* base de datos de texto = textual data base, text-oriented database, text database.

* base de datos de texto completo = full text database.

* base de datos de texto libre = free text database.

* base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.

* base de datos distribuida = distributed database.

* base de datos documental = textual data base.

* base de datos en CD-ROM = CD-ROM database.

* base de datos en disco óptico = optical disc database.

* base de datos en estado original = raw database.

* base de datos en línea = online database.

* base de datos estadística = statistical database.

* base de datos externa = external database.

* base de datos factual = factual database.

* base de datos financiera = financial database.

* base de datos interna = in-house database.

* base de datos jurídica = legal database.

* base de datos local = local area database.

* base de datos multimedia = multimedia database.

* base de datos no bibliográfica = non-bibliographic database.

* base de datos numérica = numeric database, numerical database.

* base de datos numérico-textual = textual-numeric database, text-numeric database.

* base de datos relacional = relational database.

* base de datos residente = resident database.

* base de datos terminológica = terminology database.

* base de datos textual = textual data base.

* base de operaciones = home base.

* base de un número = subscript numeral.

* base impositiva = tax base.

* base lógica = rationale.

* base militar = military base.

* bases = background.

* base teórica = theoretical underpinning, theoretical underpinning.

* búsqueda en múltiples bases de datos = cross database searching.

* campamento base = base camp.

* comenzar desde la base = start at + ground zero.

* como base para = as a basis for.

* con base de arena = sand-based.

* con base empírica = empirically-based.

* con base en = based in.

* conformar las bases = set + the framework.

* conocimiento de base = foundation study.

* constituir la base = form + the foundation.

* constituir la base de = form + the basis of.

* construir la base = form + the skeleton.

* creador de bases de datos = database producer.

* crear una base = form + a basis.

* de base popular = grassroots [grass-roots].

* descubrimiento de información en las bases de datos = knowledge discovery in databases (KDD).

* directorio de empresas en base de datos = company directory database.

* distribuidor de bases de datos = online system host, database host, host system, online service vendor.

* distribuidor de bases de datos en línea = online vendor.

* empezar desde la base = start at + ground zero.

* en base a = in terms of, on the grounds that/of, on the basis of.

* en la base = at the core (of).

* en su base = at its core.

* específico de una base de datos = database-specific.

* formar la base = form + the foundation.

* formar la base de = form + the basis of.

* gestión de bases de datos = database management.

* gestor de bases de datos = database management system (DBMS), DBMS system.

* gestor de bases de datos relacionales = relational database management system.

* hecho a base de parches = patchwork.

* industria de las bases de datos = database industry.

* línea base = baseline [base line].

* meta base de datos = meta-database.

* montar una base de datos = mount + database.

* novela escrita a base de fórmulas o clichés = formula fiction.

* organismo de base popular = grassroots organisation.

* partir de la base de que = start from + the premise that, build on + the premise that.

* poner las bases = lay + foundation, lay + the basis for.

* portada de una base de datos = file banner.

* presupuesto de base cero = zero-base(d) budgeting (ZZB), zero-base(d) budget.

* productor de bases de datos = database producer.

* programa de gestión de bases de datos = database management software.

* proveedor de bases de datos = database provider.

* que funciona a base de órdenes = command-driven.

* remedio a base de hierbas = herbal remedy.

* sentar base = make + things happen.

* sentar las bases = lay + foundation, set + the scene, set + the wheels in motion, set + the tone, set + the framework, set + the pattern, provide + the basis, lay + the basis for, provide + the material for.

* sentar las bases de Algo = lay + the groundwork for.

* ser la base de = be at the core of, form + the basis of, be at the heart of.

* sin base = unsupported, ill-founded.

* sobre base de arena = sand-based.

* sobre esta base = on this basis, on that basis.

* sobre la base de = in relation to, on the usual basis.

* subsistir a base de = live on.

* tipo de interés base = base rate, prime rate.

* tratamiento a base de hierbas = herbal treatment.

* * *

1)

a) ( parte inferior) base

b) tb

2)

a) ( fundamento)

b) ( componente principal)

c) ( conocimientos básicos)

- base de datos

- base imponible

3) (en locs)

4) ( centro de operaciones) base

- base de lanzamiento

5)

6) (Mat, Quím) base

7) bases femenino plural ( de concurso) rules (pl)

8)

a) ( en béisbol) base

b) base masculino y femenino ( en baloncesto) guard

adjetivo invariable

a) (básico, elemental) basic; <documento/texto> draft (before n)

b) < campamento> base (before n)

* * *

* * *

1 (parte inferior) base

la base de una columna the base of a column

el contraste está en la base the hallmark is on the base o the bottom

2 (fondo) background

sobre una base de tonos claros against o on a background of light tones

tb base de maquillaje foundation

4 (permanente) soft perm

(fundamento): no tienes suficiente base para asegurar eso you don't have sufficient grounds to claim that

la base de una buena salud es una alimentación sana the basis of good health is a balanced diet

esa afirmación carece de bases sólidas that statement is not founded o based on any firm evidence

sentar las bases de un acuerdo to lay the foundations of an agreement

un movimiento sin base popular a movement without a popular power base

tomar algo como base to take sth as a starting point

partiendo or si partimos de la base de que … if we start from the premise o assumption that …

sobre la base de estos datos podemos concluir que … on the basis of this information we can conclude that …

(componente principal): la base de su alimentación es el arroz rice is their staple food, their diet is based on rice

la base de este perfume es el jazmín this perfume has a jasmine base, this is a jasmine-based perfume

los diamantes forman la base de la economía the economy is based on diamonds

(conocimientos básicos): tiene una sólida base científica he has a sound basic knowledge of o he has a sound grounding in science

llegó sin ninguna base he hadn't mastered the basics when he arrived

database

relational database

tax base ( AmE), taxable income o base ( BrE)

C ( en locs):

a base de: a base de descansar se fue recuperando by resting she gradually recovered

lo consiguió a base de muchos sacrificios he had to make a lot of sacrifices to achieve it

un régimen a base de verdura a vegetable-based diet, a diet mainly consisting of vegetables

una bebida a base de ginebra a gin-based drink

vive a base de pastillas pills are what keep her going

de base ‹planteamiento/error› fundamental, basic;

‹militante› rank-and-file ( before n), ordinary ( before n); ‹movimiento/democracia› grass roots ( before n)

en base a ( crit); on the basis of

en base a las recientes encuestas on the evidence o basis of recent polls

una propuesta de negociación en base a un programa de diez puntos a proposal for negotiations based on a ten-point plan

a base de bien ( Esp fam): comimos a base de bien we really ate well, we had a really good meal

D (centro de operaciones) base

air base

launch site

center* of operations, operational headquarters ( sing o pl)

military base

naval base

E ( Pol) tb

bases rank and file (pl)

F ( Mat) base

G ( Quím) base

H bases fpl (de un concurso) rules (pl), conditions of entry (pl)

1 (en béisbol) base

base masculine and feminine (en baloncesto) guard

1 (básico, elemental) ‹alimento› basic, staple ( before n); ‹documento/texto› draft ( before n)

la idea base partió de … the basic idea stemmed from …

salario, sueldo

2 (de origen) ‹puerto› home ( before n); ‹campamento› base ( before n)

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

a) [ persona] basese EN algo:

◊ ¿en qué te basas para decir eso? and what basis o grounds do you have for saying that?;

b) [teoría/creencia/idea/opinión] basese EN algo to be based on sth

a) ( parte inferior) base

b) tb

◊ base de maquillaje foundation

a) ( fundamento) basis;

◊ la base de una buena salud the basis of good health;

b) ( conocimientos básicos):

◊ tiene una sólida base científica he has a sound grounding in science;

◊ a base de: un régimen a base de verdura a vegetable-based diet;

◊ base aérea/naval/militar air/naval/military base

◊ bases sustantivo femenino plural ( de concurso) rules (pl)

a) ( en béisbol) base

◊ base sustantivo masculino y femenino ( en baloncesto) guard

* * *

♦ nf

1. [parte inferior] base;

colocaron un ramo de flores en la base del monumento they placed a bunch of flowers at the foot of the monument

2. [fundamento, origen] basis;

el respeto al medio ambiente es la base de un desarrollo equilibrado respect for the environment is o forms the basis of balanced development;

el petróleo es la base de su economía their economy is based on oil;

salí de la universidad con una sólida base humanística I left university with a solid grounding in the humanities;

ese argumento se cae por su base that argument is built on sand;

esta teoría carece de base this theory is unfounded, this theory is not founded on solid arguments;

partimos de la base de que… we assume that…;

se parte de la base de que todos ya saben leer we're starting with the assumption that everyone can read;

sentar las bases para… to lay the foundations of…;

sobre la base de esta encuesta se concluye que… on the basis of this opinion poll, it can be concluded that… Fin base imponible taxable income

3. [conocimientos básicos] grounding;

habla mal francés porque tiene mala base she doesn't speak French well because she hasn't learnt the basics properly

4. [militar, científica] base

base espacial space station;

base de lanzamiento launch site;

base naval naval base;

base de operaciones operational base;

5. Quím base

6. Geom base

7. Mat base

8. Ling base (form)

9. Informát base de datos database;

base de datos documental documentary database;

base de datos relacional relational database

10. Com base de clientes customer base

11.

12.

afiliado de las bases grassroots member

13. [en béisbol] base;

dar base por bola a alguien to walk sb

♦ nmf

♦ a base de loc prep

by (means of);

me alimento a base de verduras I live on vegetables;

el flan está hecho a base de huevos crème caramel is made with eggs;

a base de no hacer nada by not doing anything;

a base de trabajar duro fue ascendiendo puestos she moved up through the company by working hard;

aprender a base de equivocarse to learn the hard way;

se sacó la carrera a base de codos she got her degree by sheer hard work

a base de bien: nos humillaron a base de bien they really humiliated us;

lloraba a base de bien he was crying his eyes out;

los niños disfrutaron a base de bien the children had a great time

♦ en base a loc prep

en base a lo visto hasta ahora, no creo que puedan ganar from what I've seen so far, I don't think they can win;

el plan se efectuará en base a lo convenido the plan will be carried out in accordance with the terms agreed upon

* * *

I f

1 QUÍM, MAT, MIL, DEP base

bases pl de concurso etc conditions

una dieta a base de frutas a diet based on fruit, a fruit-based diet;

consiguió comprarse una casa a base de ahorrar he managed to buy a house by (dint of) saving;

nos divertimos a base de bien we had a really o fam a real good time

II m/f en baloncesto guard

* * *

base nf

1) : base, bottom

2) : base (in baseball)

3) fundamento: basis, foundation

base de datos : database

a base de : based on, by means of

en base a : based on, on the basis of

* * *

base n

1. (en general) base

2. (fundamento) basis [pl. bases]

1 identification, ID, ID card, I.D..

2 recognition.

3 identification, identity, leaning, filiation.

4 identification.

5 genetic fingerprinting.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 identification

* * *

* * *

SF identification

* * *

femenino ( acción) identification; ( documentos) identity papers (pl)

* * *

= empathy, identification, recognition, authentication, buy-in, sign-up, ID (identification), spotting.

Ex. They lack an understanding of an empathy with the character, and are hampered by an overabundance of unimportant detail.

Ex. The second step towards an index involves the identification of the concepts within a document which are worthy of indexing.

Ex. This format is becoming common in new thesauri, partly because the recognition of the importance of viewing both relationships and subject terms in one tool.

Ex. Without the legal safeguards of authentication, the promise of electronic trading cannot be realized.

Ex. The seminar will deal with the processes of developing and ensuring corporate buy-in to a digital preservation policy.

Ex. Web workers want ease of use with a keep it simple approach to information retrieval, including the sign-up process for access to information services.

Ex. To make the product more closely resemble a CD-ROM service; IDs for 10 simultaneous users were obtained for a flat fee.

Ex. Directions are included for observing the moon, looking at constellations, measuring the sky, plotting the paths of shooting stars, and planet spotting.

----

* bloque funcional de identificación = identification block.

* búsqueda a través de ficheros de identificación documental = signature-based search.

* etiqueta de identificación = name tag.

* etiqueta de identificación del lector = borrower identification label.

* fichero de identificaciones documentales = signature file.

* identificación bibliográfica y de copyright de la contribución = catch line.

* identificación de errores = error identification.

* identificación mediante las huellas dactilares = finger-print identification.

* identificación mediante la voz = voice-print identification.

* identificación mediante marcas = tagging.

* identificación por radiofrecuencia = radio frequency identification (RFID).

* identificación textual = text signature.

* número de identificación = ID number (identification number).

* número de identificación del documento = library registration number.

* número nacional de identificación bibliográfica = national bibliography number.

* pedir la identificación = card.

* PIN (número de identificación personal) = PIN (personal identification number).

* registro de identificación = cookie.

* rueda de identificación = police line-up, identity parade, identification parade.

* tarjeta de identificación = identification card.

* * *

femenino ( acción) identification; ( documentos) identity papers (pl)

* * *

* * *

1 (acción) identification

2 (documentos) identity card, identity papers (pl)

su identificación, por favor may I see your (identity) papers, please?

* * *

* * *

identificación nf

1. [acción] identification;

(servicio de) identificación de llamadas call screening

2. [documentos] papers, ID;

la identificación, por favor may I see your papers, please?

* * *

1 acto identification

2 INFOR user ID, user name

* * *

identificación nf, pl - ciones

1) : identification, identifying

2) : identification document, ID

* * *

identificación n identification

1 notorious, ill-reputed, arrant, conspicuously bad.

2 clearly visible, obvious, evident, visible.

3 notable, notorious.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 well-known

* * *

1) (=conocido) well-known, publicly known; (=famoso) famous

2) (=obvio) obvious; [error] glaring, blatant, flagrant

* * *

- ria adjetivo

a) ( evidente) evident, obvious

b) ( conocido) well-known

c) ( notable) <descenso/mejora> marked

* * *

= notorious, high profile, acclaimed, well-known.

Ex. The textual vicissitudes of British nineteenth-century novels in America are notorious.

Ex. The South African government is under pressure to bring rapid and high profile improvements to its schools = El gobierno de Sudáfrica está siendo presionado para que traiga mejoras rápidas y notorias a sus escuelas.

Ex. The 6 day residential programme, open to Australian and New Zealand information professionals, was based on the acclaimed Snowbird Institutes, held annually in Utah.

Ex. This may be relatively easy for well-known authors, but can be difficult for more obscure authors.

----

* de forma notoria = markedly.

* muy notorio = highly visible.

* * *

- ria adjetivo

a) ( evidente) evident, obvious

b) ( conocido) well-known

c) ( notable) <descenso/mejora> marked

* * *

* * *

1 (evidente) evident, obvious

2 (conocido) well-known

dos de las figuras más notorias de la oposición two of the best-known opposition figures

es público y notorio que … it is common knowledge o it is a well-known fact that …

3 (notable, pronunciado) marked

se ha registrado un notorio descenso de la natalidad there has been a marked drop in the birthrate

* * *

◊ - ria adjetivo

a) ( evidente) evident, obvious

b) ( conocido) well-known

c) ( notable) ‹descenso/mejora› marked

* * *

notorio, -a adj

1. [conocido] widely-known;

un notorio pianista a famous pianist

2. [evidente] obvious;

es notoria la antipatía que siente por ella it's obvious he doesn't like her;

hay un malestar notorio entre los empleados there is obvious o manifest discontent among the staff

* * *

1 ( claro) clear

2 ( famoso) famous, well-known

* * *

notorio, - ria adj

1) obvio: obvious, evident

2) conocido: well-known